"Lover's Concerto:" elements of the classical

In the recent book, Beautiful Monsters, Michael Long takes a look at my personal favorite subject area: the relationship between classical and popular elements in music. Long is talking about the classical in pop today, as opposed to pop in classical music or classical "popular" elements such as opera themes. Beautiful Monsters features an encyclopedic dash through modern popular music, with hundreds of pieces referenced in passing. You would do well to read this book next to YouTube, because each reference is complemented by the actual sound material (not all of us have this music at instant mental recall) and the references are frequently cross-referenced.
One piece which I gradually recognized as familiar was "Lover's Concerto" by the Toys. I had first heard this piece as a small child, but not matched the piece to any title (though I still recall most of the lyrics and timbres perfectly) or group name. More recently, I had been stunned to find out that this piece is based on another famous miniature, of a very different era and aesthetic: a minuet by Bach. Duh. The meter is now 4/4, instead of the standard 3/4 of minuets, and in addition to having lyrics unrelated to Bach, the song is complemented by saxophone solos and a girl-group sound typical of the early 1960s.
Long's concern is with the use of the term "concerto," seemingly a misnomer here, to "place" the song in a classical register. At the very beginning of the song, before the band starts, several "concerto" chords on a piano are heard. The song's writers, Linzer and Randel, may indeed have felt "concerto" was foreign enough, and classical enough, to label the song with some exotic flavor, as well as to nod towards the classical origins of the melody. (I am unaware of the story of the artistic choice to use Bach material here in the first place; Wikipedia and allmusic cite the 'Bach' melody as well as the attribution of this piece to Bach, but do not hint at any motivation for the "classical" feel evoked here.)
The structure of the song is very tightly woven together, with the solo-group interplay intersecting with the instruments of the band. While the lyrics seem irrelevant to the title, they are well fit to the notes sung, with few awkward moments. When the saxophone solo takes up the melody during the break, the articulations are preserved from the vocal statement, slurring together the notes to which multi-syllable words are set. Tone painting is mostly avoided, even when dealing with lyrics which address "the rain / which falls," and this seems to avoid the full potential for cliche in a song which can only be heard through cliches.

As the song begins in this live video from the show "Hullabaloo," a bust of (presumably) J.S. Bach is seen in the foreground. The intro to the song features saxophones and a "hook" reminiscent of the Four Seasons, another group produced by the same label and often the same songwriters. This hook does not recur, but the sax scoring continues as a theme throughout. The classical bust as scene-setting reinforces the "novelty song" character of this piece; perhaps audiences were aware of the Bach association, making this scenery the only reference to the actual Bach material. In the personal consumption of the song, the only equivalent was this "Concerto" in the title and the piano chords of the first few bars, after which the "concerto" elements fade away.
"Lover's Concerto" continues to resonate throughout the book, as his many encyclopedic references bounce around and reappear.  Long takes into account many different threads relating to this song: pastoralism, antique elements of the text, and the classical ethos evoked by the title. The great thing for me about classical music and popular music as two complementary bodies of work is the way we can enjoy a good pop song or a fun classical piece at different levels - the structure, the bones are there if you look, regardless of the (often enjoyable) surface material.

Diva Disappointment: "Firework" and "Edge of Glory"

Katy Perry's recent single "Firework" left me wishing the song had been written for a different diva. The message was in line with other recent work by artists like Lady Gaga and Pink, dealing with low self-esteem and encouragement (at various levels of empowering, like "Born this way" - more about that in a minute - or sappy, like "F***ing Perfect"). But the voice itself was lacking. With a wide range of an octave and a half, "Firework" requires strength, clarity, and a range of expression across the registers. (In my opinion, pop vocals usually play up the differences and uneven qualities of a wide range for expressive purposes, unlike classical vocals where we expect the voice to remain consistent in size and quality in all registers.) Perry's voice has plenty of bite and clarity in the low register, making the verse consistent overall with much of her trademark work (perky pop songs with an edge, like California Gurls). But where the verse begins to transition to the chorus, around "just own the night" her technique lets her down and the voice becomes spread and increasingly strained. The chorus itself is in the highest register Perry reaches and it is a painful reminder that, as tart and clever as Perry's persona is, she can never become the next Mariah Carey, Beyonce, or even...
(I hate to say it)
Lea Michelle.
Yes, the cover which redeems "Firework" for me comes from an all too likely source: Glee. As much as I can't watch Glee without deconstructing fervently the show's small-minded premise and biased plotlines, I have to admit that the show's star Lea Michelle has the voice that Perry lacks. (Artificial amplification and editing techniques aside, because of course both "Glee" episodes and Katy Perry performances and recordings are aided by technology.) Her rendition of "Firework" brought out the athletic nature of the rising line during the transition from verse to chorus with sophomoric perfection - this is, after all, a song to make the losers in you and me feel good about being ourselves - and gave the music all the timbral color and personality that Perry could throw at it. If she can get past having reached stardom for a teenage sitcom and get to Broadway, Lea Michelle seems to have the voice that it takes.

The title track from Lady Gaga's new album "Born this way" hit all the right notes for me. She mentions "transgender" and a whole host of other non-radio-friendly terms which need to be said (though admittedly, "transgender" would be hard to fit into any lyrical scheme - and Gaga places it where it has the most bite and sounds the most idiomatic, in a spoken break). And her main theme is one I support: you are who you are;  and because of her explicit reference to gender identity, among other things, this is not just a drinking song a la Ke$ha, but one that gets to the root of discrimination. Celebrating unique identity is different when you are channeling the average, typical, and broad-based appealing, versus that which doesn't usually qualify for airplay.
That said, the second single leaves the one element I am so attracted to of Gaga's music. Her electro-pop sound and distant allure keep her listeners questioning (even the ridiculous questions perpetuated this mystique, like "is she a man") and capitalized on the artificial nature of most modern pop. Rebecca Black used AutoTune and was rightfully laughed at, because the timbre created by her natural endowment and that of the engineers was laughable and strange in a bad way. Gaga's artificial sound remains attractive, even if also somewhat off-putting. "The Edge of Glory" closes the gap between artist, object (as in "Alejandro" or "LoveGame" - a person of sometimes unspecified gender who is being drawn towards Gaga's persona while we watch the seduction), and listener, and instead reaches for the tired cliche of love songs. The lyrics are easily paraphrased, but let me allow Enrique Iglesias to do it for me. "Tonight I'm loving you" - a sexy song despite its lyrics - exotic appeal is played up by Iglesias here, but not by Gaga in "Edge of Glory." Exotic appeal is the artistic element eschewed here, for basically the first time in the oeuvre of Gaga. We do not look to her for "Silly Love Songs" and I don't believe even Clarence Clemons' sax will boost "Edge of Glory" to the level Gaga usually reaches.

Songs to Keep Cool

"Moondance," which I reviewed recently, is a very "chill" song. Here are a few more favorites for cool summer nights.

• Gnarls Barkley: Crazy  Cee Lo Green evokes craziness in such a smooth, seductive way that you almost feel like being crazy with him. Maybe I'm crazy...
• The Doors: Riders on the Storm This song evokes open space, with the long instrumental breaks, even drum beat and ambient "rain" sounds. The lyrics have an alienated quality which functions surprisingly well with Morrison's non-chalant delivery. If he's been left out in the rain, he doesn't seem to be in any hurry to get inside.
• Peter Frampton: Do you feel like we do The alien quality of the talkbox on Frampton's guitar is very modernistic - taking what is familiar (human voice, guitar), and making it unfamiliar by mixing these two elements together.  "Do you feel like we do" begins with an upbeat section which seems only vaguely related to the "chill" part of the song (starting around the 4 minute mark). The talkbox appears at 7:23 and thrills the crowd.
• Phil Collins: In the Air Tonight I'm not sure what Collins sees coming, but the atmosphere is expectant, dark, and as spacious as that of "Riders on the Storm."
• CCR: I Heard It Through the Grapevine Quite different from the music of the California Raisins commercial (Marvin Gaye, Claymation-style), CCR's remix of this song has a cold, cool take on jealousy. In common with the other songs in this list, the mode is vaguely minor (the original leans more towards major mode Motown with blue notes) with steady drums and dark, bass-heavy atmosphere. This track is amazingly long for radio airplay at just over 11 minutes, with the band mulling over the melody and bass riff between vocal episodes.

Songs for the Road

The one accessory any car of mine must have is a radio. The car is my favorite (and usually, only) place to hear current popular music beyond YouTube, and therefore my only automatically produced playlist (I've never liked Pandora's interface - too much of my own choices imposed on what I hear).
"Driving" or "train" songs especially appeal to me. I'm not sure if this is due to my actual music preferences, or my love for automobile travel (and pseudo-nostalgia for/idolization of train travel). Here are some great driving songs - the ones that sound like you're on the road, not just songs about being on the road.

God is great, Beer is good - Billy Currington

Ok, it's not about driving or travel at all, but the rhythm's steady "chugga chugga" beat and leisurely pace (cut time; according to my metronome, about 72bpm) has that perfect "road" sound. The song itself is simplistic  'easy listening country', with a I V vi IV progression for the verse and an interesting if sentimental twist at the end.

Me and Bobby McGee- the Kris Kristofferson version
This time, a song about travel, with a similar beat. Kristofferson's recording isn't a bit rushed, very laid back. Janis Joplin's version is iconic but more high-energy - contrasting qualities which extend beyond the metronome mark and the rhythm section to the voices themselves.







Hey, Good Lookin'

the 2000s cover by Jimmy Buffett and friends from 2004 is an entirely different animal compared to the Hank Williams original. The "good times" community feel of a group of star soloists sharing a good-natured pick-up line is perfect for summer and road trips - though once again, the beat of this song places it in this category, not so much the content. The quality of the voice is once again key - like Joplin and Kristofferson, it's not so much the authenticity of the original singer but the atmosphere the cover creates.





End of the Line - Traveling Wilburys 
The music video for this quintessentially "travel" song takes place on a train. The Traveling Wilburys were an all-star group that included Eric Clapton,George Harrison, and Bob Dylan.


Two of Us - Beatles
A little more upbeat than the other songs here, this piece is actually much more nostalgic and almost bittersweet than the "in the moment" mood evoked by most of this list.
I could probably make a playlist of just Beatles road songs. Here's another:

Any Road
Off of George Harrison's last album, Brainwashed, this song features his son Dhani on guitar and a world-wise lyric from Harrison. Definitely a must for any Beatles road trip.



Mockingbird - James Taylor + Carly Simon
I heard this on a drive through upstate NY, and it makes excellent driving music. The singers' voices mix in an inventive quasi-polyphony; the original version of the song was written and sung by siblings Inez and Charlie Foxx.

 City of New Orleans: Willie Nelson
Suggested to me for this list - this is an all-time favorite of mine and mentioned on my post Songs from my mother, but it is also equally appropriate here for its "train" theme and rhythm. Actually, this song is always appropriate!
(As a side note, Willie Nelson sings great music for any road trip playlist. "On the Road Again" has a much more upbeat feel though, not the "train" beat this post highlights.)

And so this is Christmas

almost. But the song I want to explore today is never out of season: John Lennon and Yoko Ono's "Happy Christmas (War is Over)." Like most Christmas songs worth a second hearing, this one has been covered by various artists, and their new takes can add to the overall beauty and community of the song. The harmonic progression of “Happy Christmas" is fairly simple but effective. Dissonances in the accompaniment and melody highlight the song’s attitude of hope in the face of the world’s concerns.

sung by John Lennon and Yoko Ono

One of the most touching moments of the song, whether rehearsed or candid, is Lennon and Ono’s whisper of Christmas wishes to their children before the music starts.  “War is Over", the song’s subtitle, is sung to the countermelody during the chorus. The theme of peace and hopes for a better world echo “Imagine,” released 2 months earlier in 1971. Lennon never stopped hoping for peace and this song, though beloved as a Christmas standard, is an eloquent protest of the war in Vietnam and war anywhere.

sung by Maroon 5

Of all the covers I have heard for this song, Maroon 5 makes the most interesting counterpart to Lennon's version. In contrast to most of the others I looked at (Celine Dion, U2, Sarah Maclachlan), their version begins plainly with the lead singer solo and a piano playing a single line, and does not get much more decorated with that. All the rest choose to begin with guitars strumming and perhaps add tambourines for rhythm, a stylistic choice which echoes Lennon's original recording.  The significance of the instrumentation here reflects the different emotional content in each version. Lennon and Ono are joined by a children's choir, and take the song up and up the scale through modulations, perhaps in a gesture of joy. Maroon 5 skips the upward modulation and chooses to keep the song in a medium-low vocal register for the majority of the song, which keeps the atmosphere intimate and hushed, nothing like the exuberant but deep emotion of Ono singing "war is over/if you want it."

The single line played against the soloist is the countermelody, later used in the chorus with the words “War is over/if you want it/now” with “nota cambiata” non-harmonic tones. The starkness of the piano line makes every dissonant interval in the countermelody stand out, and the vocal line is changed minutely to add emphasis to these dissonant notes. Instead of the tender and hopeful atmosphere of Lennon's version, Maroon 5 seems bittersweetly nostalgic and perhaps more world-weary than optimistic. At 2:55, the lyrics "let's hope it's a good one" are given a bitter cast by the dissonance in the melody over a minor chord (ii), which resolves to a major chord through passing notes in the bass. These notes are harmonized and brought out by strings, which have been added as the song gains momentum. In each repetition of the chorus the chords resolve in the same pattern, but the addition of the strings and the emphasis on the IV chord, bright and sunny, twists this chorus unexpectedly into optimism. Perhaps the singer does not really believe war is over, but by the end of the song we feel it may be possible.

Moondance

We've all heard Van Morrison's jazz tune "Moondance." How do the covers measure up?

Original version by Van Morrison, with lyrics

The verse is mostly made up of the same A A’ phrase, but Morrison’s feel for the music makes these repeats anything but repetitious. He allows the words to shape the lines in terms of intensity and momentum. Morrison’s voice in this song (both as an instrument and as “author”) is confident and casual, and retains its “rock” timbre while singing convincingly in a jazz style. He sounds like he has the whole night to spend on song and romance, and conveys a laidback yet eager attitude.
Covers for this song are not hard to find, and I heard many of them in between listening to the singers I already knew (Buble, McFerrin, Morrison).

sung by Catherine Reed

Reed does a decent job of varying the phrases, but as noted in comments, her decision to drop her voice at the end of each phrase makes the words less than audible. In a song like “Moondance,” attention to little details make the whole piece more passionate – you can’t rush over any words (even repeated sections) and come across convincingly. Also, her choice of timbres for contrast occasionally strike my ear as odd. Reed’s voice becomes big where the song could be interpreted as soft, etc.

sung by Grady Tate

According to Wikipedia (unsourced, unfortunately), Morrison was pleased by Tate’s cover. Tate changes the melody in little ways, making it his own and increasing the intensity, and in general sings a higher-energy “Moondance” than Morrison. In the first verse, the brushes on the drum sound like the leaves Tate, an excellent drummer, mentions in the lyrics.

sung by Kai McKenzie

McKenzie is called in the caption for this video “the top UK Michael Buble tribute act.” He has a very clean voice; in my opinion his version is way too clean. Every word, even when the song really gets going before the break (2:00), is chopped neatly into place (though the attacks themselves are scooped in a very pop-music style) and the timbre barely varies from the first verse to the end.

sung by Michael Buble

Here’s Buble himself, at the Verizon Wireless Arena of my home state. Singing this live, he brings as polished an approach to the overall song as if he were in the studio. As with Reed, some of his phrases seem “hard” where they could be softer and more tender (such as 3:17 “make some more romance”); this seems to be his way of sounding forcefully romantic or dramatic, not something Buble is known for. Like Tate’s version, he raises the intensity of the song overall from Morrison’s original and it works, especially live.

sung by Charlese

This version strikes me as more idiomatic than the Catherine Reed version, though uneven overall. Charlese uses a great variety of vocal color, and patterns the intensity of her phrases on the text like Morrison. Her voice gets breathy at times in an awkward way, but overall she has plenty of feeling and a free but intense approach to the song.

sung by Bobby McFerrin

Saving arguably the best artist for last, here is Bobby McFerrin. Son of an opera singer, he is a consummate musician and sings the “instrumental” solo at the beginning of this track. McFerrin changes the melody right from the beginning and interpolates new wordless solos, while sticking to the low, calm atmosphere of Morrison’s Moondance. Because the repetitive elements (vocal melody, guitar accompaniment, rhythms) in the song are carefully rearranged and varied, McFerrin manages to make his version even more laidback and precisely romantic than Morrison’s. A similar, live version is linked below.

sung by Bobby McFerrin (recorded live)

Als die Mutter: Songs from my mother

In my life thus far, there has been no greater musical influence than my mother. Her tastes influenced mine, and my strongest interests in music have developed from the starting point of her printed and recorded collections. My interest in opera would not exist were it not for the musicals of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Rodgers and Hammerstein, which I learned to appreciate because of my parents.
Here are 10 tracks from my mother's record collection or songbooks.

1. Buffy St. Marie “Universal Soldier.”
2. Rodgers and Hammerstein: Waltz from “Carousel”
3. The Beatles: “Taxman”
4. Patti Lupone: “Don’t Cry for Me, Argentina”
5. Willie Nelson: “City of New Orleans”
6. Kenny Rogers: “Lucille”
7. The Shirelles: “Soldier Boy”
8. “Malagueña”
9. Palestrina: Jesu Rex Admirabilis
10. How Great Thou Art

Off beat fugues

I love the intersection of classical forms and popular material, whether it’s the use of ABA form in a rock song or Beethoven’s use of opera hits for themes to vary. Here are some fugues composed on modern pop material which I especially enjoy.

Fugue for the Tinhorns

Frank Loesser’s opening number for “Guys and Dolls” starts the show in a quirky and energetic way, giving the same music to three different gamblers praising the virtues of (and betting on) three different horses. The use of fugue here works well and keeps up the momentum of “Runyonland” (the prelude).

fugue on “Bad Romance”

Giovanni Dettori’s fugue has a good YouTube presence, with covers on organ and piano. Here’s the sheet music: http://www.giovannidettori.com/LadyGagaFugue.pdf Dettori states that this is “not strict counterpoint;” I find it interesting that the answer doesn’t start until the countersubject has begun. He uses the fugal form fairly fluently, making a good argument for the validity of pop material in classical garb.

Fugue on that ubiquitous Nokia ringtone

Nokia phones are everywhere, and everywhere they go the subject of this fugue goes with them. http://www.audiomuse.ca/doc/pdf/lo_nokia_fugue_v2a.pdf Vincent Lo, the composer, writes perky counterpoint around this tune (and presents a very clean typeset score, too).

Fugato Humoresque on the theme of “Dixie”

Now for some professional music. Mana Zucca was a famous soloist and composer around the turn of the century. Look her up online! Shura Cherkassky is another great pianist from later this century and does a fantastic job with this quintessentially American piece. A free recording can be downloaded here: http://www.lykhin.com/eng/classicdb/composers/mana-zucca/1398

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Finally, an encore. Though not a fugue, the “Dance of the Hours” from Amilcare Ponchielli’s opera La Gioconda became a popular hit in its day. You may recognize it as another famous pop song: listen to the original (the melody starts at 2:00) and then scroll down for the reveal.

“Dance of the Hours” from La Gioconda

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one of my childhood favorite songs!

Pop music and ear training

Oh, the things you learn from life when you're a music major.

I sucked at ear training when I got to UNH. Some of my friends have even said I might be a little tone deaf, because it takes a lot sometimes for me to match pitches, or tell if I'm singing sharp or flat. (That's why it's fortunate I play piano!) But nevertheless, I didn't have any remedial theory homework the summer between orientation and freshman year, and I got passing grades – actually quite decent ones – in the four semesters of Ear Training. For me, the breakthrough came halfway through the second semester, over Spring Break 2009.

I went to New Orleans for an alternative spring break trip, and doing light carpentry work with my team, heard a LOT of pop songs. If I didn't know the words to most of them the first day, by the end of the week I did, and I noticed many common features among songs that got frequent airplay. Certain chord progressions repeated throughout this repertoire, and it became possible for me to improvise the melody or a harmony line along with the song by following the progression. Not surprisingly, the songs were harmonically simple and mostly picked up on three common progressions in Western music: I IV V I, root progression from dominant to tonic; I vi IV V I, the rock'n'roll progression (heard in songs like Heart and Soul); and the blues, I IV I V IV I. These progressions make improvised lines easy to create because of the common tones in I, IV, and vi, and knowing cadential formulas from Theory I provided the basic framework to follow. (Theory taught me to resolve tritones out, and to take the melody 3-2-1 over a I64 V I bass – all features of Western tonality which are woven through pop music whether we normally pay attention to them or not.)

After spending a week immersed in pop music, I found theory and ear training both easier. The easy melodies which stick in your ear are also very useful for immediately recognizing the 3^rd or 5^th scale degree, and even intervals are better remembered in a pop context. (Minor 6^th is the first two notes of "In My Life" by the Beatles; Major 6^th is the first two notes of "All at Once You Love Her" from Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Pipe Dream;" and the Star Wars theme begins with a perfect 5^th.) I've never stopped listening critically to pop music and along the last 2 years, I've found some gems in odd places. Two of my favorites are below.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qt0_oPPK6eA From the Country end of the spectrum, Big & Rich "Save a Horse Ride a Cowboy." The melody is doubled at the octave, and the two singers mix pitched speaking voices with singing. Overall, the effect strikes me as a reflection of early styles of organum, where the melody would be doubled with a perfect interval (4^th, 5^th, octave). Their speaking-singing also reminds me of Rex Harrison speaking his way through Henry Higgins on Broadway.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4xp2lgiAjY Amie, by Pure Prairie League. The main body of the song is very typical of 1970s folk blends like America or Kansas, but near the end as the song is playing out (and nothing new is happening in the text) the supporting harmonies highlight the melody in an unusual way. Leading to IV through V7/IV over 1 (in this case, A – A7 –D over an A pedal), the melody itself is sung below the backup vocals. The lyrics here are "fallin' in and out of love with you" and until the word "love" the backup vocals are following the melody's contour a third above. At "love" the interval between melody and accompaniment widens to a minor 7^th, as the backup vocals follow a descending line above the melody's pedal point. This dissonance is very exposed by being higher than the melody, but the well-matched timbres of the voices mitigate the dissonant quality and allow this passage to express tension in a wistful way, while bringing the song to a quiet close.

"Genius" in scare quotes - Spring 2011

Paula Higgins’ article "The Apotheosis of Josquin des Prez and Other Mythologies of Musical Genius" and David Brackett’s analysis (in Interpreting Popular Music) of James Brown’s music in performance dovetailed neatly on a trope which we are all familiar with in Western culture: the genius. With Higgins, the “genius” in question was mainly Josquin des Prez, but as we come to see, Josquin can hardly be seen these days without his accompanying successor-genius, Ludwig van Beethoven. James Brown hardly figures in the same narrative as these composers – at first blush – but the chapter invokes in the same breath his hard work and devotion to his art, and his “uncanny” talent and natural style. Complete this sketch with wildly flying hair, and an individualistic, “difficult” artistic personality, and you have Beethoven again. Why do we return to this archetype in so many different guises?


The modern notion of genius, as Higgins reminds us, is a modern notion, one which emerged from the Romantic era in which Beethoven, a child of the Enlightenment, found himself. Josquin’s era would not have called him a genius, because neither the concept nor the word existed yet in their modern senses. As for Brown, despite Brackett’s detailed analysis of his careful manipulation of rhythm and delivery of words, I will go out on a limb and say “genius” is not one of his most common titles. As a performer, his iconic personality – both on-stage and off – was magnetic, provocative, and energetic. These characteristics do not necessarily exclude genius, but rather redirect the audience’s admiration to the icon of the performer/performance, away from the usual material “genius” works on – invention, in a broad sense, and musical composition, in a more specific sense. Beethoven, Josquin, and Brown are all said to have been hardworking men, but the legacies of Beethoven and Josquin include, significantly, both printed and hand-written music. Brown’s music is realized, not printed (excluding the pop reprints one buys in a music shop, which ignore the fine details of rhythmic, vocal, and textual inflection which Brackett analyses) and our concept of genius relies on concrete achievement. Peggy Phelan (quoted in Stacy Wolf’s A Problem Like Maria) argues that “performance cannot be saved, recorded, documented […]: once it does so, it becomes something other than performance.” Brown’s music participates in this paradox and thus belies the typical study of “genius,” Brackett’s description aside. We are not accustomed to equating the genius of Brown with that of Einstein, even if they participate in the same archetype: Einstein stated theorems, wrote treatises, whereas Brown performed (and wrote) songs for an audience.


The Romantic era gave us the concept of genius, and genius can be seen as both a product of the age which first described it and an archetype which Western civilization needed even before it was articulated. Why do we need “genius?” Geniuses like Beethoven and Einstein – and Brown – play the hero role, whether it is to a civilization, ethnic group, or to one’s highly personal memories. Romantic-era conceptions of genius are often removed from society in some dramatic fashion: Beethoven’s deafness isolated him, and isolation (whether self-imposed or through an “act of God” such as deafness) is a theme which also typically accompanies the hero archetype. I feel that we hasten to draw Josquin in Beethoven colors, or lionize Brown’s image as the “hardest working man in rock n’ roll,” because we want to have heroes, who both share our troubles and exceed us in talent, and especially in this context – heroes who write timeless music. Beethoven was often painted in the colors of the most heroic genius archetype of Western history – Jesus, who is exemplified to us as the hero who feels human pain and can do godly things. It is no coincidence that the Romantics, whose fascination with mysticism and the sublime would emphasize the “divine” talent of their hero-composer; it is also no coincidence that Brown can be described in terms reserved for “genius” without naming the archetype. He, with Beethoven and Josquin, is a “hero” figure often imitated and never duplicated, and therefore (regardless of the relative merit of his music) a “genius” of the same rank.

Rock-n-roll Accent - spring 2010

A ‘rock ‘n’ roll accent?’ Rhotic and non-rhotic r in rock and roll music

The period of the 1950s and early 1960s was a fertile time for popular music. The genres of rock n’ roll, Soul, and the styles Britpop and rockabilly all began or gained national notice during this time, and the music and singers of this generation continue to influence popular music today: Elvis, The Beatles, Chuck Berry, James Brown, etc. Rock music began in America, and was exported to England, which in turn exported the British Invasion to America, thus augmenting and further popularizing the genre. Since the rock artists of these early days are still so influential today, it is no surprise that their voices and style would be imitated and incorporated by many artists, from their contemporaries to those who could never have heard Buddy Holly or John Lennon at a live concert.

Rock and roll developed out of a confluence of artists from two